![]() A scanning electron microscope (SEM) can assist in investigating the root cause of mechanical failure by allowing the diagnostician to pay special attention to evidence such as scratch marks on particles and methods of particle formation.įine filtration is a proactive process aimed at removing contamination and wear particles from the system. ![]() Particles can be of value to a diagnostician who studies the shape and nature of particles found in a sample. However, no dilution is required with rotating disk electrode (RDE) analysis. Due to dilution, suspended particles are more prone to settle out on the bottom of the test tube and will not be available for analysis. With ICP analysis, the samples must be diluted to assist with the transportation process. Lowering of the fluid’s viscosity either due to fuel dilution in the engine or dilution due to analytical requirements (e.g., ICP) aggravates the tendency of particles to settle. Prior to each analysis, samples should be agitated sufficiently to ensure a homogenous state. ![]() Of visitors view the presence of particles as a valuable indicator in an oil analysis sampleĪnalysts also must be aware of the tendency of particles to settle at the bottom of the container. When large particles are present in samples, the possibility exists that the tubing could become blocked. Various analytical techniques, including inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometers, the flow cell of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers and some particle counters, rely on peristaltic pumps and transport systems (tubing) to introduce samples to the various instruments. The method of sample preparation, the analytical techniques and instrumentation required to ensure that the results are representative of the condition existing in the application all depend on the type, size, properties and distribution of the particles present in the samples. Once the samples reach the laboratory, the presence of particles directs the tasks and methods that the chemical analyst will use to analyze the samples. There’s also the possibility that the less contaminated portion is decanted, causing the laboratory result to be higher than usual. Shaking the container prior to decanting will result in large particles remaining at the bottom of the container. Overfilling a container leads to insufficient agitation. Improper sample handling includes overfilling containers, decanting samples that were originally filled to the top and sampling when the oil has not been circulated sufficiently prior to sampling. For routine oil analysis, the container must not be filled more than 80 percent to enable the laboratory to agitate the sample prior to analysis. Prior to sampling, oil should be hot and well agitated to ensure that the sample includes particles that have settled. The presence of particles complicates the task of the sampler, as particles tend to settle at the bottom of the tank/sump. ![]() The main concern of the sampler is to produce a homogenous sample that is representative of the bulk volume of oil in the system. This illustration shows how particles cause damage
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